Privacy represents a central human right that protects human dignity and individual autonomy. It establishes a safeguarded sphere of personal life into which public authorities may intrude only under strictly defined conditions of legality, necessity, and proportionality. Although imprisonment inevitably brings lawful limitations on freedom of movement and certain forms of personal behaviour, such confinement does not justify the removal of fundamental rights. The deprivation of liberty concerns the restriction of physical movement rather than the erosion of dignity, and surveillance should not function as an additional form of punishment. The significance of this issue has intensified in the contemporary digital environment of incarceration, where institutions increasingly rely on technological systems for monitoring. Practices such as the inspection of prison cells or mobile phones, extensive video monitoring, and large-scale collection of personal and biometric information have become more common. While these mechanisms are frequently justified on the basis of institutional security and effective prison administration, they generate serious legal concerns regarding the acceptable limits of interference in the private lives of prisoners and the potential normalisation of intrusive control within custodial settings. International human rights law establishes a framework for safeguarding prisoners’ privacy. This protection is primarily articulated through the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), supported by interpretative guidance issued by the Human Rights Committee (HRC), and further reinforced by specialised standards contained in the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. These instruments emphasise that any interference with privacy must be authorised by law, pursue a legitimate objective, and remain strictly necessary and proportionate. Within this context, the present study evaluates the extent to which the legal framework of the Kingdom of Bahrain protects the privacy of prisoners and whether such protection corresponds with international standards. The analysis considers constitutional principles, legislative provisions governing prisons, and data protection regulations, particularly those related to surveillance and the processing of information in the digital era. The findings indicate that although Bahraini law recognises the principle of human dignity and regulates certain aspects of prison administration, it does not provide comprehensive safeguards against modern forms of privacy intrusion, especially those emerging in the digital sphere. Accordingly, the study recommends specific legislative and institutional reforms aimed at strengthening privacy protection while maintaining legitimate security and governance objectives.