The growing prevalence of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has emerged as a major challenge to public health and societal stability in Iraq. Against this background, the study investigates Iraq’s legislative approach under Law No. 50 of 2017 on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, considering the legislation in relation to domestic circumstances and the country’s international obligations. Using doctrinal examination of the relevant statutory provisions, together with comparative consideration of international conventions, the analysis demonstrates the development of a contemporary penal framework characterised by broader legal definitions, the criminalisation of multiple forms of illicit trafficking, and the incorporation of treatment and rehabilitation mechanisms. Particular attention is given to the socio-economic and political circumstances that contributed to the expansion of narcotics-related activities in Iraq, especially in the period following 2003, while also assessing the extent to which the existing legislation responds effectively to these conditions. The findings indicate that although Law No. 50 of 2017 has reinforced the national legal framework and brought it into closer conformity with international standards, its practical enforcement remains constrained by continuing challenges, including inadequate border control, unemployment, and limited institutional capacity. Accordingly, effectively reducing the increasing risks associated with illicit drug trafficking requires an integrated response that extends beyond legal deterrence to encompass prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, supported by stronger regional and international cooperation.