Cyber Criminology in Perspective of Human Security

Abstract

This study examines Indonesia's evolving cyber landscape, marked by increasing internet usage and digital connectivity initiatives, which bring both opportunities and risks such as hacking, fraud, and infrastructure disruption. Through qualitative content analysis of over 100 academic works and legal documents spanning five years, the research evaluates the state of cyber criminality, assesses the efficacy of existing legal and policy frameworks, scrutinizes law enforcement capabilities and limitations, and suggests interlinked recommendations to enhance national cyber resilience. The findings reveal challenges including outdated legal frameworks, coordination issues in enforcement, limited public-private collaboration, and a scarcity of digital forensics expertise, hindering responses to privacy breaches, business disruptions, and financial fraud. The study proposes legal modernization, enhanced law enforcement training, robust identity frameworks, and public awareness initiatives to bolster cybersecurity governance, ensuring a balance between oversight, innovation, and rights protection.